Issue link: http://www.e-digitaleditions.com/i/914119
4 P A T H W A Y S I N S I D E T H E B R A I N 95 ROMANTIC LOVE VS. LONG-TERM ATTACHMENTS There are many different kinds of love. There is the strong emotion we feel when we fall in love. There is the attachment between parents and children, and the quiet feeling of security that develops slowly in long-term relationships, when couples are together for many years. Your brain knows the difference between romantic love and other attachments. When we're in love, the amount of a brain chemical called dopamine increases. This increase gives us the extra energy we feel when we're in love. On the other hand, an increase in dopamine can make the brains of people in love similar to the brains of people with OCD—Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. 1 People with OCD cannot stop thinking about something, and these thoughts can cause compulsive behaviors—actions the person cannot control, such as washing the hands again and again. Similarly, people who are in love often cannot stop thinking about the person they are in love with. Both kinds of people may find it difficult to function normally because of their thoughts. Fortunately, this "lovesickness" is a short-term condition. With time, strong romantic feelings decrease, and we can concentrate on "real life" again. As time passes, couples have higher levels of oxytocin—a brain chemical connected with calm feelings of happiness and trust. So is love only a matter of brain chemistry? In fact, while chemicals do affect the way we feel, psychological factors are also important. We might be attracted to someone who likes the same things we like, for example, or someone who makes us feel safe and secure. 1 According to research by Donatella Marazziti at the University of Pisa in Italy 94 U N I T 5 L E S S O N B V O C A B U L A R Y S K I L L Using Context Clues Context clues can help you understand the meanings of new words you read or hear. Here are some examples of context clues from the article on page 94: Type of Context Clue Example A definition . . . and these thoughts can cause compulsive behaviors—actions the person cannot control, . . Other words nearby . . ., and the quiet feeling of security that develops slowly in long-term relationships, when couples are together for many years. Your prior knowledge The article mentions the attachment between parents and children. I feel love for my parents, so I understand that attachment may be a kind of love. B Work with a partner. Find other words in blue from exercise A that have helpful context clues. Underline the context clues you find. C Fill in each blank with one of the words in blue from exercise A. 1. They have a relationship. They've been married for 29 years. 2. They have taste in music: both like classical music. 3. My teenage daughter has a strong to her best friend. They have been friends since they were three years old. 4. I can't on my homework when you're talking so loudly. 5. Love is a complex . There are many different aspects to it, and it can change over time. 6. Your brain and body cannot well if you do not eat and sleep enough. 7. If something is , it involves thoughts and feelings. 8. Marc wanted to be , so he wrote a song and gave roses to his wife on their anniversary. 9. He got a job in an office. It's only for six weeks. 10. Charlene likes living near the police department. She says it gives her a feeling of . A . T# Read and listen to the article. Notice each word in blue and think about its meaning. Vocabulary B M E A N I N G F R O M C O N T E X T A newly married couple dances on Mendenhall Glacier in Alaska, USA. 146 U N I T 8 L E S S O N A C R E A T I V E A R T S 147 C 3.4 Listen again and check your notes. Complete any notes you missed the first time. AF T E R LI S T E N I N G D Discuss the questions below in a group. 1. Which type of art from the lecture is the most interesting to you? Explain. 2. Which piece of art do you think will probably last the longest? Explain. 3. Have you ever seen any temporary art? Where and what was it? Did it bring people together? C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G Synthesizing When you synthesize, you combine information from two or more sources. This is an important critical thinking skill because it helps you create more connections between ideas. E Think about Jason deCaires Taylor's work on page 145 and the information from this lecture. Discuss the questions with your group. 1. In what ways is Taylor's work similar to and different from the temporary art in the lecture? 2. How do you think the materials and the location determine the art? What kind of temporary art do you think you could find: • on the beach? • at the top of a mountain? • in a city park? • on a lake or river? B E FO R E LI S T E N I N G Listening A Lecture about Temporary Art A L I S T E N I N G S K I L L Listening for Cause and Effect Speakers often talk about cause-effect relationships. You will better understand these relationships if you listen for words and phrases that signal causes and effects. Words that Signal Causes because (of ) due to cause affect Because sea animals and plants make their homes on the sculptures, the sculptures are always changing. Words that Signal Effects as a result (of ) so therefore As a result, the art is temporary. Taylor builds the sculptures so tourists will visit them rather than the coral reefs. A Discuss these questions with a partner. 1. Why do you think people create art? 2. How does art affect a city or town? 3. What are some reasons for art festivals or street art? W H I LE LI S T E N I N G N O T E - TA K I N G S K I L L Using Arrows to Show Cause and Effect When you take notes, you can show a cause-effect relationship with arrows. Fishing and climate change cause problems for reefs. fishing + climate change → probs for reefs B 3.4 1.15 Read the incomplete notes below. Then listen to the lecture and complete as many of the notes as you can for each piece of art. N O T E T A K I N G Type of art: Reason art is temporary: ⇒ snow will melt Location: Importance: 1. 2. snow sculpture temporary art often outdoors/public places Location: Type of art: Importance: Reason art is temporary: 1. chalk is temporary medium 2. ⇒ people will pay ⇒ damage it Location: Type of art: Artist's name: Difference from other temporary art: Time to finish a piece: Reason art is temporary: Jim Denevan artist works alone (doesn't bring people together) ocean tides ⇒ L I S T E N I N G F O R D E T A I L S A sand drawing by artist Jim Denevan in Canon Beach, Oregon, U.S.A. C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G : S Y N T H E S I Z I N G THE NEW EDITION OF PATHWAYS Explicit Skill Development Prepares Students for the Academic Classroom G R E E N L I V I N G 67 U N D E R S TAN D I N G T H E R E AD I N G A What is the main idea of the passage? a. Scientists are planning a huge project to clean up garbage in the Pacific Ocean. b. A garbage island in the Pacific Ocean is causing environmental problems, and some people are helping to reduce it. c. There is an island of garbage in the Pacific Ocean, and nobody knows where it came from. B Complete the summary. Circle the correct words. There is an island in the Pacific that is made up of different kinds of trash. Most of the garbage patch is actually tiny pieces of 1. plastic / food. The objects in the island are always moving 2. in a circle / toward land. The movement of water 3. attracts new objects / pushes objects away, so the island is always getting 4. smaller / bigger. Experts aren't sure how large the island is, but some think that it could be 5. double / three times the size of the United States. C Complete the diagram about the problems with trash in the ocean. Many tiny pieces of plastic in the ocean Some animals may 1. the plastic and die. They block out 2. . Small 3. die. There is 4. for bigger fish. C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G When you describe problems and solutions, it is more common to present the problem before providing possible solutions. As you read, ask yourself: What evidence does the writer give to explain the problem? Do the solutions clearly match the problem? D Complete the solutions to ocean trash mentioned in the passage. Then discuss with a partner: What other things could people do to help reduce the problem? Cesar Harada: cleaning up ocean trash using a(n) Pharrell Williams: plastic trash into clothes and making people of the problem WHAT PROBLEMS DOES IT CAUSE? The larger pieces of garbage in the island are a problem for wildlife. For example, sea turtles often think plastic bags are jellyfish—their favorite food. They eat the plastic and die. Seabirds looking for food in the ocean may also die from eating plastic objects floating on the water. In addition, tiny pieces of plastic near the ocean surface block sunlight from reaching deeper water. The lack of sunlight kills very small sea organisms 1 called plankton. As a result, there is less food for larger fish, such as tuna. WHAT CAN WE DO? Cleaning up a giant island of plastic garbage isn't easy, but there may be some solutions. One method is to use technology to collect the trash and recycle it. Environmental engineer Cesar Harada is building a type of robot boat that gathers up trash. Harada hopes this robot technology will help reduce garbage in the Pacific. New approaches to recycling can also help make more people aware of the problem. For example, singer and songwriter Pharrell Williams works with a company that recycles plastic garbage to make denim 2 for blue jeans. In this way, he combines his interest in fashion with his concern for the environment. If many people make small changes, it can have a big impact. As Williams says, "The ocean is just one part of the Earth … but the world is made up of 75 to 80 percent water. It's a huge place to start." 1 organisms: living things 2 denim: a strong fabric made of cotton, usually used in jeans A giant island of garbage floats in the North Pacific 66 U N I T 4 D E F G U N D E R S T A N D I N G M A I N I D E A S U N D E R S T A N D I N G D E T A I L S U N D E R S T A N D I N G P R O C E S S C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G : E V A L U A T I N G Critical Thinking activities, integrated throughout each unit, help to develop independent learners. Guided online writing practice provides reinforcement and consolidation of language skills, helping learners to become stronger and more confident writers. Explicit skill instruction and practice throughout the program helps learners to develop language proficiency and academic skills.