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1. Milton H. Shutes, Lincoln and California (Stanford, CA, 1943), 47. 2. [San Francisco] Daily Evening Bulletin, 9 Sept. 1862; Hartford Daily Courant, 5 Feb. 1861. 3. Benjamin B. French Diary, 22 July 1868, French Family Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC (LOC). 4. Detroit Free Press, 23 March 1861; William H. Seward to Thomas Corwin, 3 June 1861, Diplomatic Instructions of the Depart- ment of State to Mexico, RG 59, National Archives, Washington, DC (NARA). 5. Ibid., Seward to Corwin; Philadelphia Enquirer, 16 Apr. 1862. 6. Leutze's first study of Westward is at the Gilcrease Museum in Tulsa, OK. For his pan- orama of San Francisco Bay, the artist appears to have used as a model the engraved "View of the Entrance to San Francisco Bay" in the lower le corner of the 1859 map entitled Entrance to San Francisco Bay, which was part of the U.S. Coastal Survey. See Map Dr. 93-20, Fortifications Map File, RG 77-b, NARA. 7. French Diary, 22 July 1868. 8. New York Daily Tribune, 16 June 1861. Leutze's second study is at the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC. 9. omas Dryer to William H. Seward, 5 Sept. 1861, Dispatches from U.S. Ministers in Hawaii, RG 59, NARA. 10. See Dryer to Seward, 6 Nov. 1861, ibid. 11. Seward to Gideon Welles, 31 Oct 1861, Letters Received from President of the U.S. & Executive Agencies (E-44), RG 45, NARA. 12. Sacramento Daily Union, 17 Jan. 1862. 13. Carl Schurz to Seward, 15 Oct. 1861, Dispatches from U.S. Minister to Spain; Dayton to Seward, 16 Oct. 1861, Dispatches from U.S. Minister to France, RG 59. 14. Seward to William Dayton, 4 Nov. 1861, Diplomatic Instructions—France, RG 59, NARA. 15. New York Daily Tribune, 12 Nov. 1861 (correspondent's letter is dated 31 Oct. 1861). 16. New York Daily Tribune, 3 Feb. 1862; M. M. McAllen, Maximilian and Carlota: Europe's Last Empire in Mexico (San Antonio, TX, 2014), 60. 17. New York Times, 26 Jan. 1862; Detroit Free Press, 29 Jan. 1862. 18. Sacramento Daily Union, 17 Jan. 1862. 19. e [Washington, DC] Evening Star, 3 Jan. 1862. 20. Ibid., 22 Feb. 1862. 21. Chicago Tribune, 28 Dec. 1861. 22. San Francisco Bulletin, 26 Feb. 1862. 23. Leland Stanford to Seward, 25 Mar. 1862, Governor's Office Records—Letterbooks, California State Archives, Sacramento. 24. Seward to Dayton, 3 Mar. 1862, D iplomatic of the United States will do, if necessary, to save, for the common benefit, the region which is bounded by the Pacific and the Atlantic Coasts… 44 For a native of—and former governor and U.S. senator for—the state of New York, who was sitting on the East Coast as he wrote this, it most certainly was odd for Seward to define his country as being "bounded by the Pacific and the Atlantic Coasts" (as opposed to the other way around). His geographic definition of the United States—just three months aer the unveiling of a steam ship charging out of San Francisco Bay to challenge the viewer of Leutze's Westward—made it abundantly clear that whether it was pen on paper, or paint on plaster, William Henry Seward sought to defend the Union in every way he knew how. JOHN L AURENCE BUSCH is an independent historian who focuses upon the interaction between humanity and technology, with a specialization in first- and early second-generation steam-powered vessels. His book, STEAM COFFIN: Captain Moses Rogers and e Steamship Savannah Break the Barrier (2010), has been widely reviewed by magazines and academic jour- nals on three continents. He regularly speaks to both public and professional audiences. NOTES THE CAPITOL DOME 58