Issue link: https://www.e-digitaleditions.com/i/1173734
16 October 2019 Tablets & Capsules railroad and telegraph networks that allowed for faster transfer of people, goods, and ideas. It is also marked by ever more present electricity, enabling factory electrification and the modern production line and is a period of great economic growth and increases in productivity. • Industry 3.0 occurred in the late 20 th century, after the end of the two world wars. It is also called the digital revolution, characterized by extensive use of computer and communication technologies in pro- duction processes. Industr y 4.0 is based on the emergence of four technologies that are disr upting the manufacturing sector: the astonishing rise in data volumes, compu- tational power, and connectivity, especially new low- power wide-area networks; the emergence of analyt- ics and business-intelligence capabilities; new forms of human-machine interaction such as touch interfaces and augmented-reality systems; and improvements in trans- ferring digital instructions to the physical world, such as advanced robotics and 3D printing. Pharma 4.0 Pharma 4.0 is the application of Industry 4.0 concepts to pharmaceutical manufacturing. The goal of Pharma 4.0 is to create the intelligence needed for engineers and cost-effectively as possible even as they find their pat- ent protection eroding. While a patent can provide a company intellectual property protection for twenty years or more, the company will spend more than half of that time turning the ideas embedded in an individ- ual patent into a marketable product, leaving only a few years to recover the often billions of dollars spent in development. Combine this with a development engine in which only 13 percent of the drugs developed ever reach the market, and the need to improve the current model could not be more self-evident. Evolution of industry The German federal government coined the term Industry 4.0 in 2011 as part of a national strategy to promote computerized manufacturing. The 4.0 desig- nation is a play on computer software version control and represents the fourth progression of the industrial revolution. The three previous progressions are shown in Figure 1 and can be described as follows: • Industry 1.0 refers to the first industrial revolution, marked by a transition from hand production meth- ods to machines, using steam and water power. • Industry 2.0 is the second industrial revolution, better known as the technological revolution. It was made possible by the development of extensive Figure 1 The four progressions in industry's evolution End of 18 th century 1. industrial revolution follows introduction of water- and steam- powered mechanical manufacturing facilities First mechanical loom 1784 First production line, Cincinnati slaughterhouses 1870 First programmable logic controller (PLC), Modicon 084 1969 2. industrial revolution follows introduction of electrically-powered mass production based on the division of labour 3. industrial revolution uses electronics and IT to achieve further automation of manufacturing 4. industrial revolution based on cyber-physical systems Start of 20 th century Start of 1970s today time complexity Source: DFKI 2011