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16 OctOber 2021 Inhalation 8. Ghadiri M, Young PM, Traini D. Strategies to enhance drug absorption via nasal and pulmonary routes. Pharmaceutics. 2019; 11: 113. 9. Maggio ET, Pillion DJ. High efficiency intra- nasal drug delivery using Intravail ® alkylsaccharide absorption enhancers. Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res. 2013; 3: 16-25. 10. Muankaew C, Loftsson T. Cyclodextrin-based formulations: A non-invasive platform for targeted drug delivery. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2017; 122 (1): 46-55. 11. Vikas Y, Sandeep K, Braham D, Manjusha C, Budhwar V. Cyclodextrin complexes: An approach to improve the physicochemical properties of drugs and applications of cyclodextrin complexes. Asian J. Pharm. 2018; 12 (2): 394-409. 12. Bender ML, Komiyama M. Cyclodextrin chem- istry. Springer, Berlin. (1978). 13. Connors KA. e stability of cyclodextrin com- plexes in solution. Chem. Rev. 1997; 97: 1325-1358. 14. Li, Z. "Study of the enhancement effect of cyclo- pentadecanolide on protein permeation through lipid membranes." (2004). Doctoral Dissertations. 229. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/229. 15. Osborne DW, Musakhanian J. Skin penetration and permeation properties of Transcutol ® —Neat or diluted mixtures. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2018; 19 (8): 3512-3533. 16. Del Vecchio G, Tscheik C, Tenz K, Helms HC, Winkler L, Blasig R, Blasig IE. Sodium caprate tran- siently opens claudin-5-containing barriers at tight junctions of epithelial and endothelial cells. Mol. Pharm. 2012; 9: 2523–2533. 17. Cagdas M, Sezer AD, Bucak S. Book chapter. "Liposomes as potential drug carrier systems for drug delivery" in "Application of nanotechnology in drug delivery." Ed. Sezer AD; Publ: IntechOpen (2014). 18. Jassim ZE, Al-Akkam EJ. A review on strategies for improving nasal drug delivery systems. Drug Invent. Today. 2018; 10: 2857-2864. 19. Ways TMM, Lau WM, Khutoryanskiy VV. Chitosan and its derivatives for application in muco- adhesive drug delivery systems. Polymers (Basel). 2018; 10(3): 267. 20. Dayal P, Shaik MS, Singh M. Evaluation of dif- ferent parameters that affect droplet size distribution from nasal sprays using the Malvern SprayTec ® . J. Pharm. Sci. 2004; 93: 1725-1742. 21. Kulkarni V, Brunotte J, Smith M, Sorgi F. Inves- tigating influences of various excipients of the nasal spray formulations on droplet size and spray pattern. Poster at AAPS Annual Meeting (2008). 22. Kulkarni VS, Shaw C, Smith M, Brunotte J. Characterization of plumes of nasal spray formula- is referred to as either a thiol group, a sulfhydryl group or a sulfanyl group. iomers, or thiolated polymers, are polymers that have been modified by the addition of thiol-bearing side chains. ese thiol groups can form covalent, disulfide bonds with the cysteine-rich subdomains of mucus glycoproteins that make up the mucus gel layer, via thiol/disulfide exchange reactions and/or a simple oxidation pro- cess. As a result, thiomers mimic naturally secreted mucus glycoproteins and can improve mucoadhesion by up to one hundred times [28, 29, 34]. Examples are thiomers based on chitosan, hyaluronic acid, gel- atin, polyacrylates and cyclodextrins. In summary Liquid nasal sprays continue to be a very useful, patient-friendly, non-invasive drug delivery mecha- nism. Different formulation approaches, including a greater emphasis on the use of penetration enhancers and/or mucoadhesives, are being investigated to facilitate their evolution from being a delivery sys- tem for small molecules to one that may be better able to deliver biologics and prophylactics. References 1. Ehrick JD, Shah SA, Shaw C, Kulkarni VS, Coowanitwong I, De S, Suman JD. Book chapter. "Considerations for the development of nasal dosage forms" in "Sterile product development: Formula- tion, process, quality and regulatory considerations." AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series. Springer, New York, NY. 6: 99-144 (2013). 2. orat S. Formulation and product development of nasal spray: An overview. Sch. J. App. Med. Sci. 2016; 4(8D): 2976-2985. 3. Go CC, Pandav K, Somagutta MR, Go JK, Bethencourt-Mirabal A, Bhatt K, Sanchez-Gonzalez MA, Ferrer G. Intranasal therapy and COVID-19: A comprehensive literature review. J. Allergy Infect. Dis. 2021; 2(1): 9-16. 4. Merkus FWHM, Schipper NGM, Hermens WAJJ, Romeijn SG, Verhoef JC. Absorption enhancers in nasal drug delivery: Efficacy and safety. J. Controlled Release. 1993; 24 (1-3): 201-208. 5. Bourganis V, Kammona O, Alexopoulos A, Kipa- rissides C. Recent advances in carrier mediated nose-to-brain delivery of pharmaceutics. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2018; 128: 337-362. 6. United States Food and Drug Administration. Inactive Ingredients Database Download. www. fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/ inactive-ingredients-database-download. 7. Maggio ET. Absorption enhancing excipients in systemic nasal drug delivery. J. Excipients and Food Chem. 2014; 5 (2): 100-112.