National Geographic Learning - Ladders, Social Studies
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Glossary Acknowledgments caldera (noun) a volcanic crater that forms when the top of a volcano collapses continental United States (noun) the lower 48 states ecosystem (noun) all the plants, animals, and nonliving things in an environment food web (noun) all the food chains in an ecosystem geological (adjective) relating to geology, the study of the earth indigenous (adjective) occurring naturally in a given location magma (noun) melted rock petrified (adjective) describing organic matter that has been changed into a stony substance plateau (noun) a broad, flat area of land that sits above (or higher than) surrounding land predatory (adjective) referring to animals that kill and eat other animals prey (noun) an animal hunted by a predator as food terraces (noun) a raised, step-like area with a level top, sometimes made of rock Andrew J. Milson Grateful acknowledgment is given to the authors, artists, photographers, museums, publishers, and agents for permission to reprint copyrighted material. Every effort has been made to secure the appropriate permission. If any omissions have been made or if corrections are required, please contact the Publisher. Lexile®, Lexile Framework® and the Lexile® logo are trademarks of MetaMetrics, Inc., and are registered in the United States and abroad. Credits Wrap Cover, Title Page (bg) ©Michael Hornemann/National Geographic Stock. Front Cover (bl) ©nagelestock/Alamy. (bcl) ©JTB Photo Communications, Inc./age fotostock. (bcr) ©Ron Borresen. (br) ©Saravanan Suriyanarayanan/National Geographic Stock. Back Cover (tl) ©Mark Miller/Alamy. 2 (bg) ©nagelestock/Alamy. 4 (t) NPS Photo. (cl) ©Look and Learn/The Bridgeman Art Library International. (cr) ©Private Collection/Peter Newark American Pictures/The Bridgeman Art Library International. (b) William Henry Jackson/National Archives. 5 (t) ©Mark Miller/Alamy. (cl) ©Michele Falzone/Alamy. (b) ©Michael Melford/National Geographic Stock. 6 (bg) ©Huetter, C./Arco Images GmbH/Alamy. 7 (tr) ©Drew Rush/National Geographic Stock. (cr) ©Brian Nehlson. (br) ©Kennan Ward/Corbis. 8 (bg) ©Momatiuk - Eastcott/Corbis. 10 (bg) ©Robert Bartow/Design Pics Inc./Alamy. 11 (b) NPS Photo. (br) ©Werner Forman/Corbis. 12 (bg) ©Neale Clarke/Robert Harding Picture Library/Alamy. 13 (t) ©JTB Photo Communications, Inc./age fotostock. 14 (bg) ©Brian Nehlson. 15 (t) (tr) ©Brian Nehlson. 16 (bg) ©Robbie George/National Geographic Stock. 16-23 ©Ron Borresen. 24 (bg) ©Saravanan Suriyanarayanan/National Geographic Stock. 26 (bg) ©Louise Murray/Robert Harding Picture Library Ltd/Alamy. 28 (bg) ©Joel Sartore/National Geographic Stock. 30 (bg) ©William Campbell/ Sygma/Corbis. 32 (bg) ©Momatiuk - Eastcott/Corbis. (tl) ©Michael Melford/National Geographic Stock. (tc) ©Kennan Ward/Corbis. (tr) ©Saravanan Suriyanarayanan/National Geographic Stock. All maps provided by Mapping Specialists. Copyright © 2014 National Geogr aphic Learning, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. National Geographic and the Yellow Border are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society. Social Studies Consultant For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@ cengage.com Visit National Geographic Learning online at NGL.Cengage.com Visit our corporate website at cengage.com Printed in the USA. SOCIAL STUDIES RR Donnelley, Menasha, WI ISBN: 978-1-2853-4908-4 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 11111 National Parks Series • Big Bend • Everglades • Grand Canyon • Smoky Mountains • Yellowstone • Yosemite