Issue link: https://www.e-digitaleditions.com/i/1066130
10 I ICT TODAY 802.11ad Dec-12 60 2,160 Up to 6, 7 Gb/s N/A OFDM, single carrier, low-power single carrier 802.11-1997 Jun-97 2.4 22 1, 2 N/A DSSS, FHSS 802.11a Sep-99 5 20 Up to 54 N/A OFDM 802.11b Sep-99 2.4 22 Up to 11 N/A DSSS 802.11g Jun-03 2.4 20 Up to 54 N/A OFDM 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4) Oct-09 2.4/5 20 Up to 288.8 Up to 600 4 MIMO-OFDM 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5) Dec-13 5 20 Up to 346.8 40 Up to 800 80 Up to 1733.2 160 Up to 3466.8 8 MIMO-OFDM 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) End of 2019? 2.4/5 Up to 10,530 (10.53 Gb/s) MIMO-OFDM Release Date Protocol Frequency (GHz) Bandwidth (MHz) Stream Data Rate (Mbit/s) Allowable MIMO Streams Modulation TABLE 1: IEEE 802.11 network physical layer (PHY) standards. Based on multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antennas, 802.11n operates on 20 and 40 megahertz (MHz) wide channels in both the 2.4 and 5 gigahertz (GHz) bands with a potential data rate of 54 to 600 megabits per second (Mb/s). 802.11n uses a modulation technique called 64 quadrature amplitude modulation, commonly referred to as 64 QAM. OTHER IMPORTANT STANDARDS INCLUDE: 802.11ac: This is the current Wi-Fi standard, built on the same technology of 802.11n using MIMO antennas, but it adds multi-user capability (MU-MIMO) and a higher-order modulation form called 256 QAM. The standard, published in 2013, now uses only the 5 GHz UNII and ISM bands with higher bandwidth channels, 80 MHz and 160 MHz, with a maximum of eight spatial streams. The theoretical maximum data rate is nearly 7 gigabits per second (Gb/s), but manufacturers have developed 802.11ac in two waves. Wave 1 devices were the first to hit the market and are limited to 80 MHz channels and a theoretical high-end throughput of 1.3 Gb/s. Wave 2 devices are fully utilizing the specifications to achieve up to 6.67 Gb/s throughputs. Most manufacturers have used the 802.11ac standards to develop their products and are Wi-Fi certified. This is the most common technology in new Wi-Fi installations. 802.11ad/WiGig: The term "millimeter wave" applies to all frequencies between 30 GHz with a wavelength of 10 millimeters (mm), and 300 GHz with a wavelength of Table does not include all standards released in this period or those in progress due to be released later. The releases prior to 802.11n are provided to show the history of the 802.11 working group. 3.7 40