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SimInhale hosts training workshops and schools, publishes articles and promotes integration of young researchers into the field. An update on the activities of European COST Action SimInhale Ben Forbes, PhD; a Andrea Danani, PhD; b Gerrit Borchard, PharmD, PhD c and Stavros C. Kassinos, PhD d a Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London b Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence (IDSIA), Università della Svizzera Italiana c School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Geneva-Lausanne, (EPGL) University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, d Computational Sciences Laboratory, University of Cyprus trainees who had primarily compu- tational backgrounds the opportu- nity to become familiar with stan- dard equipment used in in vitro studies. Industry played an import- ant role with trainers from Copley Scientific, Ltd. and Emmace Con- sulting AB. In April 2017, at the 5 th Interna- tional Conference on Computa- tional and Mathematical Biomed- ical Engineering, in Pittsburgh, PA, US, SimInhale's chairperson presented outcomes of research activities launched though the Action's Working Group WG3. In December 2017, SimInhale or- ganized the pre-conference sympo- sium "Designing Inhalers for Chil- dren and Infants" as part of DDL2017 in Edinburgh, UK. is special session focused on integrat- ed formulation inhaler design for young children and population groups, which is coming into focus as an under-researched topic. During the DDL conference, SimInhale's chair presented an in- vited lecture titled, "In Silico Clini- cal Trials of Regional Lung Deposi- tion: How ey Could Impact Real Life Product Development and Patient Care." Notable outcomes e overarching, ongoing objective of the Action is overcoming know- ledge compartmentalization and fragmentation. An important step towards this goal has been the com- The SimInhale COST Action e European COST Action MP1404—SimInhale is a global network of inhalation experts es- tablished and funded through the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) system. Launched in May 2015, SimInhale is now in its third year. In a previ- ous Inhalation article (June 2016), we introduced SimInhale and ex- plained its mission and objectives. is article provides an update on its status, a summary of the most notable activities and events over the last two years, and a look at events planned for 2018 and 2019. When launched, SimInhale had 90 members from 25 countries. Since then, SimInhale has grown to in- clude 130 members from 27 coun- tries. Its reach goes beyond Europe and includes two companies based in the United States and two uni- versities, one in Singapore and one in Australia. Previous SimInhale activities e two-day workshop "Pulmo- nary Drug Delivery: Computa- tional Fluid Particle Dynamics and Emerging Functional Imaging Technologies" took place in Octo- ber 2016 in Prague, Czech Repub- lic. e event was dedicated to the current state-of-the-art on pulmo- nary drug delivery from the per- spective of computational fluid particle dynamics (CFPD) and emerging functional imaging tech- nologies. e workshop featured a stimulating mix of talks by external speakers and SimInhale members including lecturers from academic and research communities, indus- try and medical professions. Key- note lectures were delivered by Prof. Ching-Long Lin (e Uni- versity of Iowa) and Prof. Yu Feng (Oklahoma State University) and a roundtable discussion was held at the end of the second day. A three-day school on "Emerging Device and Particle Engineering Technologies for Optimal Pulmo- nary Drug Delivery," taught by ex- perts from academia and industry, took place in Valetta, Malta in Feb- ruary 2017. Participants were ex- posed to an overview of inhalation devices (pMDIs, DPIs, soft mist inhalers and nebulizers), as well as formulation methods for DPIs, toxicity, lung targeting, pharmaco- kinetics, regulatory requirements and aspects of usability and adher- ence. Podium discussions were very effective in engaging trainees and giving them opportunities to inter- act with lecturers. A second training school, partially sponsored by Elpen Pharmaceutics Co. Inc., took place in Athens, Greece over two days in October 2017, with a focus on cross-disci- plinary training. It included hands- on demonstrations with cascade impactors and other in vitro aerosol characterization apparatus to give 6 April 2018 Inhalation organizations Cross-industry