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News on R&D and progress in the treatment of respiratory diseases, such as asthma and COPD. Calendar: The industry organizations page of the Inhalation website provides descriptions and contact information for cross-industry organizations and groups that present educational conferences and workshops. 36 April 2022 Inhalation tion and occurs through the release of cytokines," said Mark Kaplan, PhD, Chair of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and senior study author. "e cyto- kine interleukin-9 (IL-9) has been found in patients with asthma and food allergy but how it promotes inflammation has been unclear." e research team identified "the lung macrophage as a major target of IL-9. ey found allergic lung inflammation decreased when the receptor for IL-9 was miss- ing and the macrophage is critical for IL-9 function in the allergic lung. ey also described down- stream effectors of IL-9 in the macrophage, identifying enzymes and additional cytokines that are required for the development of allergic inflammation, and found a correlation between IL-9 and the downstream effectors with the diagnosis of asthma in patients." "is work is a significant advance- ment in our study of allergic lung inflammation," Kaplan noted. "We can use this information to further study the macrophage populations and determine how [this] could be a potential therapeutic approach for treatment of asthma and other types of lung inflammation." Published in Science Immunology, the study was led by Yongyao Fu, PhD, an adjunct assistant scientist in microbiology and immunology at the IU School of Medicine and a scientist at Genentech. Journal reference: Yongyao Fu, et al. An IL-9–pulmonary macrophage axis defines the allergic lung inflam- matory environment. Science Immunology, 2022, 7 (68), DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abi9768. CALENDAR Please visit the industry organi- zations page of the Inhalation website to find descriptions and contact information for cross- industry organizations and groups that present educational confer- ences and workshops. https://www.inhalationmag.com/ industry-organizations daily usage. However, that study had been conducted in adults and data in children was lacking. Consequently, they performed a retrospective analysis that evalu- ated data from 232 children who visited an asthma clinic at the uni- versity's hospital. e children's mean age was 5.8 years, 61% were male and 110 of the children were prescribed once-daily inhaled ste- roids. Follow-up continued for a median of 10.7 months. Hospitalhealthcare.com summa- rized the findings, noting "results showed the once-daily regime was associated with a higher propor- tion of prescribed days covered (PPDC) compared to the twice- daily regime (66.8% vs 58%). Also, children prescribed a once- daily regime had higher odds of having good secondary adherence. However, there were no significant differences between once-daily and twice-daily regimes on the time to first asthma exacerbation." "Based on these findings, the authors concluded that once-daily dosing improved absolute adher- ence compared to twice-daily dosing but noted further studies would be required to determine whether better adherence leads to clinically meaningful improve- ments in asthma control." Journal reference: Drouin O, et al. Adherence to inhaled corti- costeroids prescribed once- vs twice-daily in children with asthma. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Im m u n o l o g y. 2 0 2 2 . Ja n 22;S1081-1206(22)00022-9. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.01.018. New findings on mechanisms of allergic lung inflammation INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA— Researchers have published new findings on mechanisms of aller- gic lung inflammation, according to the Indiana University (IU) School of Medicine and Science Daily. "e ability of cells to com- municate with each other is critical in the development of inflamma- 3P innovation forms sub-brands and expands facility WARWICK, UNITED KING- DOM—3P innovation announced it will extend its existing brand into three sub-brands to differentiate their offerings. e first, a pharma equipment brand, will include the company's product portfolio and be divided into three sub-ranges. e discover sub-range will include lab-scale equipment used mainly in lab and research environments. e explore sub-range will include pilot-scale equipment to support development of new chemical entities through clinical trial stages and market approval. e evolve sub-range will include large, production- scale equipment. A custom automation brand will col- laborate with customers to support product and process innovation and development. e third will be a customer care brand. e com- pany also broke ground in March 2022 for a second, purpose- build facility. e 30,000 square foot, eco-friendly building will help further expand their UK and inter- national operations. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE NEWS Improving inhaled steroid adherence in young children MONTREAL, CANADA—Once- daily dosing of inhaled steroid improved absolute adherence compared to twice-daily dosing in young children, according to a study published in the Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology and reported by Hospitalhealthcare.com. Researchers at the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Canada were aware of a prior study that showed once-daily inhaled ste- roid usage significantly increased adherence compared to twice- INDUSTRY NEWS continued from page 8