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28 Pharmaceutical Technology ® Trends in Formulation 2022 eBook PharmTech.com Formul ation and drug delivery with a surface layer of hydrated polyethylene glycol (31). This polar coating helps to reduce the extent of hepatic filtration and opsonization, and increases the systemic concentration of the nanoparticles and therefore the efficacy of the payload. Conclusion Since the first preparation of TPGS in the 1950s at Eastman Kodak, TPGS has proven its value in a wide variety of applications, including the following: • a water-soluble vitamin E supplement for treat- ment of deficiency • a versatile solubilizer of lipophilic and poorly soluble substances • an FDA-approved pharmaceutical adjuvant with high biocompatibility • an effective P-gp inhibitor for overcoming bio- logical barriers • a promising agent for the reversal of MDR in cancer cells • a versatile conjugation partner with a variety of beneficial properties • a capable excipient for improving the efficacy of novel nanomedicines. These properties have allowed TPGS to maintain a place in the formulator's toolbox for several decades, and exciting new applications appear regularly in the literature. References 1. A. A z z i , R . R icc i a re l l i , a nd J.M. Z i ng g, F E BS Lett. May 22 519(1-3):8-10 (2002). doi: 10.1016/s0014- 5793(02)02706-0. PMID: 12023009. 2. SH-W Wu and W.K. Hopkins, Pharm Tech 23 (52) e60 (1999). 3. R.J. Sokol et al., Gastroenterology Nov. 93(5) pp 975-85 (1987). doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90559-2. PMID: 3653646. 4. E. A. Argao et al., Pediatr Res., February 31(2) pp 146-50 (1992). doi: 10.1203/00006450-199202000-00011. PMID: 1542543. 5. R.J. Sokol et al., Lancet, 338(8761):212-4 (July 27, 1991). doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90349-t. PMID: 1676779. 6. S.H. Pan et al., Pharmacotherapy, Jan.-Feb. 16(1) pp 59-65 (1996). PMID: 8700793 7. G.F. Cooney, K. Habucky, and K. Hoppu, Clin Pharma- cokinet, Jun;32(6):481-95 (1997). 8. L. Yu et al., Pharm Res. December 16(12):1812-7 (1999). doi: 10.1023/a:1018939006780. PMID: 10644067. 9. NCI National Cancer Institute, 1994b. One-Year Chronic Study in Dogs. Conducted at International Research and Development Corporation, Nov. 1, 1994, Mattawan, MI, IRDC Report No. 560-041, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD. 10. M. Z ond lo Fiu me, Int. J. Toxicol. 2 1 (Suppl 3), 51_116 (2002). 11. W.J. Krasavage and C.J. Terhaar, J. Agric. Food Chem. 25, 273_278 (1977). 12. EFSA, Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Addi- tives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food on a request from the Commission related to D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) in use for food for particular nutritional purposes. EFSA J. 490, 1_20, 2007. 13. Lubr i z ol He a lt h C DMO D iv i s ion , "S olubi l it y and Bioavailabilit y En hancement Techniques," Lubrizolcdmo.com. 14. A. Papas, "Vitamin E TPGS and its Applications" i n Nut ra ce ut ical s. 10.1016/ B9 7 8- 0 -1 2-82 103 8- 3.00059-8 (2021). 15. P. Wande et al., Current Drug Targets, 22(8) (2021). 16. J . H u n t e r a n d B . H . , A d v D r u g D e l i v R e v ; 25(2):129-57 (1997). 17. E.M. Collnot et al., Mol Pharm. Jun 7;7(3):642-51 (2010). doi: 10.1021/mp900191s. PMID: 20205474. 18. F.J. Sharom, J Membr Biol. Dec 1;160(3):161-75 (1997). doi: 10.1007/s002329900305. PMID: 9425600. 19. A.G. Assanhou, Biomaterials, Dec;73:284-95 (2015). doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.09.022. Epub 2015 Sep 16. PMID: 26426537. 20. H. Yan, et al., Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces Sep;205:111914 (2021). doi: 10.1016/j.colsurf b.2021.111914. Epub 2021 Jun 8. PMID: 34130211. 21. F. Xie, X. Ding, Q.Y. Zhang, Acta Pharm Sin B., 6(5):374- 383 (2016). doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2016.07.012 22. D.R. Nelson, Hum. Genomics, 4, 59–65 (2009). 23. A. Christiansen, Eur J Pharm Biopharm, May;78(1):166- 72 (2011). doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.12.033. Epub 2011 Jan 8. PMID: 21220010. 24. N. Cao, S.S. Feng, Biomaterials. Oct;29(28):3856-65 (2008). doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.05.016. Epub 2008 July 7. PMID: 18606445. 25. V. Anbharasi, N. Cao, S.S. Feng, J Biomed Mater Res A. September 1;94(3):730-43 (2010). doi: 10.1002/ jbm.a.32734. PMID: 20225211. 26. Y. Mi, J. Zhao, S.S. Feng, Int J Pharm. Nov 15;438(1-2):98- 106 (2012). doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.08.038. Epub 2012 Aug 29. PMID: 22954445. 27. Y. Ma, Mol Pharm. Aug 4;11(8):2623-30 (2014). doi: 10.1021/mp4007 78r. Epub 2014 Apr 21. PM I D: 24712391; PMCID: PMC4144753. 28. Y. Bao et al., Mol Pharm. September 2;11(9):3196-209 (2014). doi: 10.1021/mp500384d. Epub 2014 Aug 14. PMID: 25102234. 29. Marcela Tavares Luiz, et al., European Polymer Journal, Vol. 142, 110129 (2021), ISSN 0014-3057,https://doi. org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110129. 30. C . Ya n g , T h e r a n o s t i c s . J a n 1 ; 8 ( 2 ) : 4 6 4 - 4 8 5 (2018). doi: 10.7150/thno.22711. PMID: 29290821; PMCID: PMC5743561. 31. S.S. Feng, Expert Rev Med Devices, 1:115e25 (2004). ■