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Conclusion Graphene and its derivatives have unique properties that have resulted in new applications. Many further uses are anticipated. Consequently, occupational expo- sure is increasing. If graphene proves to be toxic upon inhalation, it may be due to a complex interaction of several mechanisms. Short term toxicity studies and other evaluations are needed to characterize and under- stand the aerodynamic behavior and deposition mecha- nisms of graphene derivatives in human respiratory pathways, as well as biological responses following inha- lation. is will assist in making future graphene mate- rials safer and minimizing associated inhalation risks. References 1. de la Fuente, J: Graphene—What is it? Graphenea, Inc., San Sebastian, Spain, Available at: https://www. graphenea.com/pages/graphene#.WUbZxdQrJVo, Accessed June 18, 2017. 2. Sanchez VC, Jachak A, Hurt RH, Kane AB: Biologi- cal interactions of graphene-family nanomaterials: An i n t e rd i s c i p l i n a r y r e v i e w. C h e m Re s To x i c o l 2012;25:15-34. 3. Schinwald A, Murphy FA, Jones A, MacNee W, Donaldson K: Graphene-based nanoplatelets: A new risk to the respiratory system as a consequence of their u n u s u a l a e ro d y n a m i c p ro p e r t i e s . AC S Na n o 2012;6:736-746. 4. Valle RP, Wu T, Zuo YY: Biophysical influence of airborne carbon nanomaterials on natural pulmonary surfactant. ACS Nano 2015;9:5413-5421. 5. Han SG, Kim JK, Shin JH, Hwang JH, Lee JS, Kim TG, Lee JH, Lee GH, Kim KS, Lee HS, Song NW, Ahn K, Yu IJ: Pulmonary responses of Sprague-Dawley rats in single inhalation exposure to graphene oxide nanomaterials. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015:376756. 6. Ma-Hock L, Strauss V, Treumann S, Kuttler K, Wohlleben W, Hofmann T, Groters S, Wiench K, van RB, Landsiedel R: Comparative inhalation toxicity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphite nanoplatelets and low surface carbon black. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013;10:23. 7. Schinwald A, Murphy F, Askounis A, Koutsos V, Sefiane K, Donaldson K, Campbell CJ: Minimal oxidation and inflammogenicity of pristine graphene w i t h re s i d e n c e i n t h e l u n g . Na n o t o x i c o l o g y 2014;8:824-832. 8. Shin JH, Han SG, Kim JK, Kim BW, Hwang JH, Lee JS, Lee JH, Baek JE, Kim TG, Kim KS, Lee HS, Song NW, Ahn K, Yu IJ: 5-Day repeated inhalation and 28-day post-exposure study of graphene. Nanotoxicology 2015;9:1023-1031. 9. Su WC, Ku BK, Kulkarni P, Cheng YS: Deposition of graphene nanomaterial aerosols in human upper airways. J Occup Environ Hyg 2015; 1-34. 10. Hu Q, Jiao B, Shi X, Valle RP, Zuo YY, Hu G: Effects of grap h en e oxid e n an osh eets on th e ultrastructure and biophysical properties of the pulmonary surfactant film. Nanoscale 2015;7:18025- 18029. 11. Yang X, Forier K, Steukers L, Van VS, Dubruel P, B r a e c k m a n s K , G l o r i e u x S , Na u w y n c k H J : Immobilization of pseudorabies virus in porcine tracheal respiratory mucus revealed by single particle tracking. PLoS One 2012;7:e51054. Zorawar Singh, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Zoology, Khalsa College, Punjab, India, 143104, Tel.: +91-9417230075, zorawarsinghs@ rediffmail.com, www.zorawarsingh.weebly.com. September Inhalation Asia 2017. September 13-15, 2017 in Macau, China. Conducted by Inhalation Asia. www. inhalationasia.org October 6th Medicon Valley Inhalation Symposium and Workshop. October 11-13, 2017 in Lund, Sweden. Conducted by Medicon Valley Inhalation Consortium. http://symposium.mvic.se Inhaled Therapies for Tuberculosis and Other Infectious Disease: Products, technologies and procedures for efficiently treating pulmonary diseases. October 16-17, 2017 in Durham, NC, US. Conducted by Cvent. inhaledtherapyforTBmeeting.cvent.com Annual Meeting of the Association of Inhalation Toxicologists. October 26-27, 2017 in Copenhagen, Denmark. https://www.aitoxicology.org/2017 -conference-announcement November AAPS 2017 Annual Meeting and Exposition. November 12-15, 2017 in San Diego, CA, US. C o n d u c t e d b y t h e A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f Pharmaceutical Scientists. https://www.aaps.org/ annualmeeting Inhaled Drug Delivery. November 13-14, 2017 in London, UK. Conducted by Management Forum. h t t p s : / / m a n a g e m e n t - f o r u m . c o. u k / p r o d u c t / details/1714/inhaled-drug-delivery December Drug Delivery to the Lungs (DDL) 2017. December 6-8, 2017 in Edinburgh, UK. Conducted by The Aerosol Society. Pre-conference symposium: Designing Inhalers for Children and Infants. December 6, 2017. Conducted by SimInhale. https:// aerosol-soc.com/events/ddl2017 Calendar 24 August 2017 Inhalation